Guidelines presents Primary Care Hacks, a series of clinical aide-memoires across a range of topics. Developed by Dr Kevin Fernando, Primary Care Hacks aim to provide a quick and easy resource for primary healthcare professionals and ultimately help improve patients' lives.
Take a Look at Medscape UK's other Primary Care Hacks
| Managing Abnormal Blood Test Results | Managing Cardiovascular Conditions | Managing Diabetes, Metabolic, and Endocrine Disorders |
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Lifestyle Changes for Managing Hypertension DOAC Dosing for Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular AF and Renal Impairment | Identification and Management of People with MASLD and MASH Identifying People at High Risk of Prediabetes Extra-Glycaemic Indications of SGLT2 Inhibitors Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Cardiovascular Renal Metabolic Review Checklist |
Comparison of ADA/EASD and NICE Recommendations on the Pharmacological Management of Type 2 Diabetes In Adults
Clinical guidelines are important tools for supporting decision-making, transforming best practice, and improving patient outcomes. Collated by the Guidelines editorial team and reviewed by Dr Kevin Fernando, this updated Primary Care Hack summarises the most up to date recommendations on the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults, from the American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes' Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); and NICE's Type 2 diabetes in adults: management guideline. For source references, see the references section at the bottom of the page.
The content in this Primary Care Hacks comparison table is deliberately concise and readers are advised to refer to the original guideline and consensus report. Readers should also refer to the summary of product characteristics when a drug therapy is described.
Click on the link below for a downloadable PDF of the Primary Care Hack
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| ADA/EASD (2022) | NICE (2022) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INITIAL THERAPY | FIRST-LINE TREATMENT Assess HbA1c, CV risk, and kidney function[F] Reinforce advice about diet, lifestyle, and adherence to drug treatment if HbA1c levels are not adequately controlled by a single drug and rise to ≥58 mmol/mol (7.5%) | ||||||
| Implement comprehensive lifestyle measures for all people with T2D, including physical activity, weight reduction (including weight reduction medications), treatment adherence, nutrition, adequate sleep, and smoking cessation DSMES should be offered on an ongoing basis, and be provided by trained diabetes care and education specialists For treatment of hyperglycaemia, metformin remains the agent of choice in most people with diabetes Other classes of agents are useful in combination with metformin or when metformin is contraindicated or not tolerated, with agent selection determined by the balance between the glucose-lowering efficacy and the side-effect profile of the individual agents[A] Consider initial combination therapy with glucose-lowering agents, especially in those with high HbA1c at diagnosis (i.e., >70 mmol/mol [>8.5%]), in younger people with T2D (regardless of HbA1c), and in those in whom a stepwise approach would delay access to agents that provide cardio–renal protection beyond their glucose-lowering effects Reinforce the importance of 24-hour physical behaviours (see Figure 2 in the full consensus statement):
| Not at High CVD Risk: Offer metformin or if GI disturbance, metformin MR If metformin contraindicated consider:
| CHF or Established ASCVD[H]: Offer standard-release metformin or if GI disturbance, metformin MR And, as soon as metformin tolerability is confirmed,[I]offer SGLT2i with proven CV benefit If metformin contraindicated offer SGLT2i alone[G] | High Risk of CVD (QRISK2 ≥10%) Offer standard-release metformin or if GI disturbance, metformin MR And, as soon as metformin tolerability is confirmed,[I]consider SGLT2i with proven CV benefit If metformin contraindicated consider SGLT2i alone[G] | ||||
| FIRST INTENSIFICATION | TREATMENT OPTIONS IF FURTHER INTERVENTIONS ARE NEEDED[J] | ||||||
| All Patients | Established CVD and CV Risk Factors | HF | CKD | NAFLD/NASH | At Any Point, if HbA1c Not Controlled Below Individually Agreed Threshold | At Any Point, if the Person Has or Develops CHF or Established ASCVD[H] | At Any Point if the Person Has a High Risk of CVD (QRISK2 ≥10%) |
| Combinations of agents are indicated in those who have HbA1c levels >16.3 mmol/mol (>1.5%) above their target at diagnosis (e.g., ≥70 mmol/mol [8.5%] in most).[A] In particular, among young adults with T2D, immediate and sustained glycaemic management should be pursued, aiming for HbA1c of 53 mmol/mol (7%) or lower In younger people with diabetes (<40 years), consider early combination therapy | In patients with established CVD, a GLP-1 RA with proven benefit should be used to reduce MACE, or an SGLT2i with proven benefit should be used to reduce MACE and HF and improve kidney outcomes[B],[C] In individuals without established CVD but with multiple cardiovascular risk factors (such as age ≥55 years, obesity, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidaemia, or albuminuria), a GLP-1 RA with proven benefit could be used to reduce MACE, or an SGLT2i with proven benefit could be used to reduce MACE and HF and improve kidney outcomes[B],[C] | In people with HF, SGLT2i should be used because they improve HF and kidney outcomes[B],[C] | In people with CKD and an eGFR ≥20 ml/min/1.73 m2 and a UACR >3.0 mg/mmol (>30 mg/g), an SGLT2i with proven benefit should be initiated to reduce MACE and HF and improve kidney outcomes[B],[C] If treatment with an SGLT2i is not tolerated or is contraindicated in people with CKD and an eGFR ≥20 ml/min/1.73 m2 and a UACR >3.0 mg/mmol (>30 mg/g), a GLP-1 RA with proven CV outcome benefit could be considered to reduce MACE and should be continued until kidney replacement therapy is indicated [B],[C] In general, selection of medications to improve CV and kidney outcomes should not differ for older people | For those with NAFLD/NASH at high risk of fibrosis, pioglitazone could be considered There is emerging evidence for benefits of metabolic surgery and three classes of glucose-lowering therapy (GLP-1 RA, SGLT2i, and GIP and GLP-1 RA) | Switching or adding treatments:
| Switching or adding treatments: offer an SGLT2i (if not already prescribed) | Switching or adding treatments: consider an SGLT2i (if not already prescribed) |
| SECOND INTENSIFICATION | TREATMENT OPTIONS IF FURTHER INTERVENTIONS ARE NEEDED | ||||||
| In general, intensification of treatment beyond two medications follows the same general principles as the addition of a second medication, with the assumption that the effectiveness of third and fourth medications will be generally less than when they are used alone. While solid evidence exists for combining SGLT2i and GLP-1 RAs for weight and glucose lowering, emerging data also suggest promise for combined effects on cardio–renal outcomesWhen glycemic measurements do not reach targets, and insulin is the best choice for the individual, its introduction should not be delayed[D],[E] | Insulin Therapy When dual therapy has not continued to control HbA1c to below the person's individually agreed threshold, also consider insulin-based therapy (with or without other drugs):
GLP-1 Mimetic Treatments If triple therapy with metformin and 2 other oral drugs is not effective, not tolerated, or contraindicated, consider triple therapy by switching one drug for a GLP-1 mimetic for adults with T2D who:
| ||||||
| THIRD INTENSIFICATION | |||||||
| Metabolic surgery should be considered as a treatment option in adults with T2D who are appropriate surgical candidates with a BMI ≥40.0 kg/m2 (BMI ≥37.5 kg/m2 in people of Asian ancestry) or a BMI of 35.0–39.9 kg/m2 (32.5–37.4 kg/m2 in people of Asian ancestry) who do not achieve durable weight loss and improvement in comorbidities (including hyperglycaemia) with nonsurgical methods | |||||||
| Footnotes [A] When targets are not met, in addition to addressing health behaviours and referral to DSMES, the intensification of glucose-lowering medication by combining agents with complementary mechanisms of action should be pursued. Traditionally, a stepwise approach was advocated, in which a new agent is added to the existing regimen, but evidence is growing to support a more proactive approach in many by combining glucose-lowering agents from initial diagnosis [B] In people with HF, CKD, established CVD, or multiple risk factors for CVD, the decision to use a GLP-1 RA or an SGLT2i with proven benefit should be independent of background use of metformin [C] In people with HF, CKD, established CVD, or multiple risk factors for CVD, the decision to use a GLP-1 RA or an SGLT2i with proven benefit should be independent of baseline HbA1c. Agents that cause hypoglycaemia, such as sulfonylureas, should be discontinued once insulin is started [D] The use of a GLP-1 RA should be considered prior to initiation of insulin [E] When initiating insulin, start with a basal insulin and intensify the dose in a timely fashion, titrating to achieve an individualised fasting glycaemic target set for every person [F] For information on using an SGLT2i for people with T2D and CKD see the section on diabetic kidney disease in the full guideline [G] NICE technology appraisals recommend an SGLT2i as monotherapy options in people who cannot have metformin for whom diet and exercise alone do not provide adequate glycaemic control. An SGLT2i is recommended only if a DPP‑4 inhibitor would otherwise be prescribed and a sulfonylurea or pioglitazone is not appropriate. In February 2022, using ertugliflozin to reduce cardiovascular risk when blood glucose is well controlled was off label. See NICE’s information on prescribing medicines [H] Established atherosclerotic CVD includes coronary heart disease, acute coronary syndrome, previous myocardial infarction, stable angina, prior coronary or other revascularisation, cerebrovascular disease (ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack) and peripheral arterial disease [I] Start metformin alone to assess tolerability before adding an SGLT2i [J] At each point follow the prescribing guidance. Switch or add treatments from different drug classes up to triple therapy (dual therapy if metformin is contraindicated). In February 2022, using ertugliflozin to reduce cardiovascular risk when blood glucose is well controlled was off label. See NICE’s information on prescribing medicines | |||||||
| Abbreviations: ASCVD=atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI=body mass index; CHF=chronic heart failure; CKD=chronic kidney disease; CV=cardiovascular; CVD=cardiovascular disease; DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase 4; DSMES=diabetes self-management education and support; eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate; GI=gastrointestinal; GIP=glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1 RA=glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; HbA1c=glycated haemoglobin A1c; HF=heart failure; MACE=major adverse cardiovascular events; MR=modified release; NAFLD=non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH=non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; SGLT2i=sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor; QRISK=cardiovascular risk score; UACR=urine albumin–creatinine ratio | |||||||
| This Primary Care Hack was developed by Medscape's Guidelines editorial team in conjunction with Dr Kevin Fernando, GP Partner, North Berwick Health Centre; GP with special interest in CVRM and medical education; Content Advisor for Medscape UK and Medscape Global. Primary Care Hacks are for information for primary healthcare professionals in the UK only. They bring together currently available recommendations and/or prescribing information and indications for therapeutics licensed within Great Britain. Licensed indications and/or prescribing information for Northern Ireland may differ. You are advised to review local licensed indications before prescribing any therapeutic. Primary Care Hacks are reviewed intermittently to ensure the information is up to date at the time of publication. Primary Care Hacks are independently produced by WebMD, LLC and have not been created in conjunction with any guideline or prescribing body. |